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AbouRizk, S and Shi, J (1994) Automated Construction‐Simulation Optimization. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 120(02), 374–85.

AbouRizk, S M, Halpin, D W and Wilson, J R (1994) Fitting Beta Distributions Based on Sample Data. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 120(02), 288–305.

Bai, Y and Amirkhanian, S N (1994) Knowledge‐Based Expert System for Concrete Mix Design. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 120(02), 357–73.

Everett, J G and Slocum, A H (1994) Automation and Robotics Opportunities: Construction versus Manufacturing. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 120(02), 443–52.

Farid, F and Koning, T L (1994) Simulation Verifies Queuing Program for Selecting Loader‐Truck Fleets. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 120(02), 386–404.

Furuya, N, Yamaoka, R and Paulson, B C (1994) Construction of Akashi‐Kaikyo Bridge West Anchorage. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 120(02), 337–56.

Hinze, J and Tracey, A (1994) The Contractor‐Subcontractor Relationship: The Subcontractor's View. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 120(02), 274–87.

Ndekugri, I and Turner, A (1994) Building Procurement by Design and Build Approach. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 120(02), 243–56.

Nishigaki, S, Vavrin, J, Kano, N, Haga, T, Kunz, J C and Law, K (1994) Humanware, Human Error, and Hiyari‐Hat: A Template of Unsafe Symptoms. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 120(02), 421–42.

  • Type: Journal Article
  • Keywords: Construction; Human behavior; Human factors; Safety; Surveys; Errors; Accident prevention;
  • ISBN/ISSN: 0733-9364
  • URL: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1994)120:2(421)
  • Abstract:
    For many years, the Japanese construction industry has practiced several accident‐prevention activities. In spite of these safety activities, occupational accidents recur. Why? This paper offers examples of accident‐prevention activities and it reports on a safety survey of construction workers in a Japanese construction company. These examples shows that “humanware” failure accounts for a much greater portion of the underlying causes of occupational accidents. “Humanware” is defined as a function of leadership, followership, and the reciprocal interaction between the two. The safety survey had 7,955 responses; 2,588 responses reported experiencing hiyari‐hat (near‐mass accidents). These respondents also reported on the nature and apparent causes of their hiyari‐hats. In this paper, we found most accidents occur because of humanware failure. The underlying causes of hiyari‐hat often include humanware failure and most frequently end with human error of individual workers. This paper presents a template that summarizes unsafe symptoms among humanware failure, human error, and hiyari‐hats.

Pin, T H and Scott, W F (1994) Bidding Model for Refurbishment Work. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 120(02), 257–73.

Severson, G D, Russell, J S and Jaselskis, E J (1994) Predicting Contract Surety Bond Claims Using Contractor Financial Data. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 120(02), 405–20.

Thomas, H R, Smith, G R and Mellott, R E (1994) Interpretation of Construction Contracts. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 120(02), 321–36.

Williams, T P (1994) Predicting Changes in Construction Cost Indexes Using Neural Networks. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 120(02), 306–20.